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Macrophages promote formation of complicated and unstable plaques by maintaining a proinflammatory microenvironment. At the same time, anti-inflammatory macrophages contribute to tissue repair and plaque stabilization.
Reducing proinflammatory conditions---Astaxanthin has inhibitory effects on macrophage activation, such as scavenger receptors up-regulation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. Astaxanthin reduces MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-12 and MMP-14 activity and expression. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-009-0056-4
Studies have shown that 5 mg astaxanthin per day reduces oxidative stress and damaging of blood vessels by 60% in 3 weeks. It reduces inflammation, improves lipid profiles, reduces blood pressure and promotes better blood flow in capillaries.